Impact of social marginalization on oral health-related quality of life in older adults.

The aim of this study was to determine the association between oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and social marginalization in people aged 60 years and older enrolled in social security in Mexico. A cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out in older adults. To assess the OHRQoL, the OHIP-14 instrument was applied, and the degree of social marginalization and sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed. Measures of central tendency and dispersion, simple frequencies and proportions were estimated. Student's t-test was used for comparison of means, and prevalence ratio (PR) and logistic regression were used to assess associations, all with a significance value of 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals. Perceived OHRQoL in the population measured through the OHIP-14 reached an average value of 9.84 ± 8.91, with the highest value in the dimension of physical pain (2.06 ± 1.91). Perceived treatment need was higher among people with social marginality (p = 0.011). The multivariate analysis shows that marginalized people have a lower OHRQoL. Socially marginalized older adults showed a low a better perception of OHRQoL, independent of demographic and clinical factors.

Inequalities in diabetes mortality in Mexico: 2010-2019.

BACKGROUND: The impact of diabetes mellitus has been shown to be differentially expressed between social groups. OBJECTIVE: To estimate inequality gaps in diabetes mellitus mortality through absolute and relative measures according to geographic distribution and social conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Diabetes mellitus-related deaths recorded in Mexico between 2010 and 2019 were analyzed, and inequality measurements at the state level were calculated by gender. RESULTS: National age-adjusted diabetes mellitus mortality rate showed an increase during the study period. CONCLUSION: The inequalities present in diabetes mortality should be considered for the design of health strategies.

ANTECEDENTES: Se ha demostrado que el impacto de la diabetes mellitus se expresa de manera diferenciada entre los grupos sociales. OBJETIVO: Estimar las brechas en la desigualdad en la mortalidad por diabetes mellitus a través de medidas absolutas y relativas según distribución geográfica y condiciones sociales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron las muertes registradas en México por diabetes mellitus entre 2010 y 2019 y se calcularon las mediciones de desigualdad a nivel estatal por sexo. RESULTADOS: La tasa de mortalidad nacional por diabetes mellitus ajustada por edad mostró un incremento durante el periodo estudiado. CONCLUSIÓN: Las desigualdades presentes en la mortalidad por diabetes deben considerarse para el diseño de estrategias de salud.

Desigualdades en la mortalidad por diabetes en México: 2010-2019 / Inequalities in diabetes mortality in Mexico: 2010-2019

Resumen Antecedentes: Se ha demostrado que el impacto de la diabetes mellitus se expresa de manera diferenciada entre los grupos sociales. Objetivo: Estimar las brechas en la desigualdad en la mortalidad por diabetes mellitus a través de medidas absolutas y relativas según distribución geográfica y condiciones sociales. Material y métodos: Se analizaron las muertes registradas en México por diabetes mellitus entre 2010 y 2019 y se calcularon las mediciones de desigualdad a nivel estatal por sexo. Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad nacional por diabetes mellitus ajustada por edad mostró un incremento durante el periodo estudiado. Conclusión: Las desigualdades presentes en la mortalidad por diabetes deben considerarse para el diseño de estrategias de salud.

Abstract Background: The impact of diabetes mellitus has been shown to be differentially expressed between social groups. Objective: To estimate inequality gaps in diabetes mellitus mortality through absolute and relative measures according to geographic distribution and social conditions. Material and methods: Diabetes mellitus-related deaths recorded in Mexico between 2010 and 2019 were analyzed, and inequality measurements at the state level were calculated by gender. Results: National age-adjusted diabetes mellitus mortality rate showed an increase during the study period. Conclusion: The inequalities present in diabetes mortality should be considered for the design of health strategies.

[Inequalities in diabetes mortality in Mexico: 2010-2019]. / Desigualdades en la mortalidad por diabetes en México: 2010-2019.

Background: The impact of diabetes mellitus has been shown to be differentially expressed between social groups. Objective: To estimate inequality gaps in diabetes mellitus mortality through absolute and relative measures according to geographic distribution and social conditions. Material and methods: Diabetes mellitus-related deaths recorded in Mexico between 2010 and 2019 were analyzed, and inequality measurements at the state level were calculated by gender. Results: National age-adjusted diabetes mellitus mortality rate showed an increase during the study period. Conclusion: The inequalities present in diabetes mortality should be considered for the design of health strategies.

Antecedentes: Se ha demostrado que el impacto de la diabetes mellitus se expresa de manera diferenciada entre los grupos sociales. Objetivo: Estimar las brechas en la desigualdad en la mortalidad por diabetes mellitus a través de medidas absolutas y relativas según distribución geográfica y condiciones sociales. Material y métodos: Se analizaron las muertes registradas en México por diabetes mellitus entre 2010 y 2019 y se calcularon las mediciones de desigualdad a nivel estatal por sexo. Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad nacional por diabetes mellitus ajustada por edad mostró un incremento durante el periodo estudiado. Conclusión: Las desigualdades presentes en la mortalidad por diabetes deben considerarse para el diseño de estrategias de salud.

Impact of social marginalization on oral health-related quality of life in older adults

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the association between oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and social marginalization in people aged 60 years and older enrolled in social security in Mexico. A cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out in older adults. To assess the OHRQoL, the OHIP-14 instrument was applied, and the degree of social marginalization and sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed. Measures of central tendency and dispersion, simple frequencies and proportions were estimated. Student's t-test was used for comparison of means, and prevalence ratio (PR) and logistic regression were used to assess associations, all with a significance value of 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals. Perceived OHRQoL in the population measured through the OHIP-14 reached an average value of 9.84 ± 8.91, with the highest value in the dimension of physical pain (2.06 ± 1.91). Perceived treatment need was higher among people with social marginality (p = 0.011). The multivariate analysis shows that marginalized people have a lower OHRQoL. Socially marginalized older adults showed a low a better perception of OHRQoL, independent of demographic and clinical factors.

Vulnerability of access to health services for informal workers in Mexico in the face of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. / Vulnerabilidad al acceso a los servicios de salud de los trabajadores informales en México ante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2.

This critical-reflective essay problematizes the labor dynamics in the framework of informality considered as a determinant for access to the health system in Mexico and discusses the vulnerability of workers to the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This analysis aims to contribute to the construction of proposals aimed at improving the lives of male and female workers by guaranteeing their right to health.

El presente ensayo critico-reflexivo problematiza las dinámicas laborales en el marco de la informalidad considerado como un determinante para acceso al sistema de salud en México y discute la vulnerabilidad de los trabajadores ante la pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2. El presente trabajo pretende contribuir en la visibilización del problema para motivar la construcción en propuestas que contribuyan a mejorar la vida de trabajadores y trabajadoras garantizando su derecho a la salud.

Vulnerabilidad al acceso a los servicios de salud de los trabajadores informales en México ante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 / Vulnerability of access to health services for informal workers in Mexico in the face of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Resumen El presente ensayo critico-reflexivo problematiza las dinámicas laborales en el marco de la informalidad considerado como un determinante para acceso al sistema de salud en México y discute la vulnerabilidad de los trabajadores ante la pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2. El presente trabajo pretende contribuir en la visibilización del problema para motivar la construcción en propuestas que contribuyan a mejorar la vida de trabajadores y trabajadoras garantizando su derecho a la salud.

Abstract This critical-reflective essay problematizes the labor dynamics in the framework of informality considered as a determinant for access to the health system in Mexico and discusses the vulnerability of workers to the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This analysis aims to contribute to the construction of proposals aimed at improving the lives of male and female workers by guaranteeing their right to health.

Survival of Vascular Accesses in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Vascular access (VA) is the highest risk factor for blood infections, hospitalization, and mortality of patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). The risk of mortality while using a catheter is greater than that while using grafts. The objective of this article is to know the survival rate in relation to the type of VA. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of HD patients was studied. The data gathered included age, gender, first VA at the surrogate site, days between the first and second access, number of accesses, and anatomical site of VA placement. Mean differences were estimated using χ2 or Student's t test. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier curves and included in tables. Statistical significance was established as p < 0.05. The statistical computer software package SPSSw v25 was used for the analysis. RESULTS: A total of 896 patients were included with a mean age of 47.88 years (SD ± 16.52), the duration of the first VA was 398.81 days (±565.79), the mean number of VAs used was 2.26 (±1.15), and the median time undergoing HD was 728.73 days. The duration of catheter placement was 330.42 days, and 728.60 days for fistula use (p = 0.001). The mean number of days of renal replacement was 611.59 days for catheter and 1,495.25 days for internal arteriovenous fistula (IAVF) patients (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The survival of the initial VA is greater for the IAVF, followed by the tunneled catheters and the lowest by the non-tunneled catheters, which continue to be frequently used in our setting.

Hypertension, Diabetes and Obesity, Major Risk Factors for Death in Patients with COVID-19 in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Mexico has reported high death and case fatality rates due to COVID-19. Several comorbidities have been related to mortality in COVID-19, as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive lung disease and chronic kidney disease. AIMS: To describe the main clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in the major social security institution in Mexico, as well as the contribution of chronic comorbidities and the population attributable fraction related to them. METHODS: Data for all patients with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 in the institutional database was included for analysis. Demographic information, the presence of pneumonia and whether the patient was hospitalized or treated at home as an outpatient as well as comorbidities were analyzed. Case fatality rate was estimated for different groups. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals from a logistic regression model were estimated, as well as the population attributable fraction. RESULTS: By November 13, 2020, 323,671 subjects with COVID-19 infection have been identified. Case fatality rate is higher in males (20.2%), than in females (13.0%), and increases with age. Case fatality rate increased with the presence of obesity, hypertension and/or diabetes. Age and sex were major independent risk factors for mortality, as well as the presence of pneumonia, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, immunosuppression, and end-stage kidney disease. The population attributable fraction due to obesity in outpatients was 16.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Major cardiovascular risk factors and other comorbidities increase the risk of dying in patients with COVID-19. Identification of populations with high fatality in COVID-19, provides insight to deal with this pandemic by health services in Mexico.

Homicidios en jóvenes y desigualdades sociales en México, 2017

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Conocer la asociación entre las condiciones sociales y económicas y las tasas de homicidios en jóvenes de 10 a 24 años de edad en México en 2017. Métodos. En este estudio ecológico se estudiaron las desigualdades sociales asociadas con los homicidios en la población de 10 a 24 años en 2017 en México a través de fuentes secundarias de información, correspondientes a las defunciones por homicidio por entidad federativa en México. Las desigualdades sociales en salud se estudiaron mediante la medición absoluta y relativa de las brechas de desigualdad y se estimaron razones de prevalencias de mortalidad con modelos de regresión de Poisson. Resultados. En 2017 se produjeron 8 094 homicidios en la población joven, que fueron más frecuentes en hombres (86,7%). Las brechas de desigualdad entre los estados fueron importantes. La desocupación de la población de mayores de 12 años, los hogares conformados por personas que no son familiares, la baja asistencia escolar y el ingreso por debajo de la línea de bienestar se asociaron de manera significativa con las tasas de homicidios. Conclusiones. La asociación de los determinantes sociales con los homicidios en la población estudiada es fuerte. Deben implementarse políticas y acciones intersectoriales que puedan ayudar a reducir las brechas de desigualdad y lograr mejores condiciones de vida y niveles de bienestar y salud de las personas y sus comunidades.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Assess the association between social and economic conditions and homicide rates in young people between 10 and 24 years of age in Mexico in 2017. Methods. This ecological study looked at the social inequalities associated with homicides in the population 10-24-year-old population in 2017 in Mexico, using secondary data sources for deaths by homicide in each Mexican state. Social inequalities in health were studied by measuring absolute and relative inequality gaps. Mortality rates were estimated using Poisson regression models. Results. In 2017, there were 8,094 homicides in the target population, predominantly in men (86.7%). There was high variance in inequality between states. Unemployment in the population over 12 years of age, households composed of people who are not family members, low school attendance rates, and income below the poverty line showed significant association with homicide rates. Conclusions. There is a strong association between social determinants and homicides in the study population. Policies and intersectoral actions should be implemented to help bridge inequality gaps and achieve better living conditions and higher levels of well-being and health for people and their communities.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever a associação entre as condições socioeconômicas e as taxas de homicídios em jovens entre 10 e 24 anos no México em 2017. Métodos. Neste estudo ecológico foram examinadas as desigualdades sociais associadas aos homicídios na população entre 10 e 24 anos no México em 2017 com base em dados obtidos de fontes de informação secundárias relativos a mortes por homicídio por entidade federativa. As desigualdades sociais em saúde foram avaliadas com a mensuração absoluta e relativa das lacunas de desigualdade. As razões de prevalências de mortalidade foram estimadas com modelos de regressão de Poisson. Resultados. Em 2017, houve 8.094 homicídios na população jovem, com predomínio no sexo masculino (86,7%). As lacunas de desigualdade entre os estados foram significativas. Ociosidade juvenil (em maiores de 12 anos), domicílios constituídos por pessoas sem laços de parentesco, baixa frequência escolar e renda abaixo da linha do bem-estar foram fatores que tiveram uma associação significativa com as taxas de homicídios. Conclusões. Observou-se uma forte associação entre os determinantes sociais e os homicídios na população estudada. Políticas e ações intersetoriais devem ser implementadas para ajudar a reduzir as lacunas de desigualdade e melhorar as condições de vida, o nível de bem-estar e a saúde das pessoas e suas comunidades.

[The informality of labor and the right to health in Mexico: a critical analysis]. / Informalidad laboral y derecho a la salud en México, un análisis crítico.

In light of the labor conditions defined within the framework of neoliberalism implemented in Mexico, labor dynamics are problematized, the main problems of access to the health and social security system are identified and the systematic violation of rights - especially the right to work, to social security and to health - are discussed. The objective of this article is to contribute with proposals for the construction of a comprehensive, inclusive, healthcare and social security system that contributes to the improvement of the lives of workers.

Frente a las condiciones de trabajo definidas en el marco del neoliberalismo implementado en México, se problematiza las dinámicas laborales, identifica los principales problemas de acceso al sistema de salud y de seguridad social y discute la vulneración sistemática de derechos, principalmente del derecho al trabajo, a la seguridad social y a la salud. Se propone contribuir con propuestas para la construcción de un sistema de salud y seguridad social integral, incluyente y solidario que coadyuve a mejorar la vida de trabajadores y trabajadoras.

Informalidad laboral y derecho a la salud en México, un análisis crítico / The informality of labor and the right to health in Mexico: a critical analysis

Resumen Frente a las condiciones de trabajo definidas en el marco del neoliberalismo implementado en México, se problematiza las dinámicas laborales, identifica los principales problemas de acceso al sistema de salud y de seguridad social y discute la vulneración sistemática de derechos, principalmente del derecho al trabajo, a la seguridad social y a la salud. Se propone contribuir con propuestas para la construcción de un sistema de salud y seguridad social integral, incluyente y solidario que coadyuve a mejorar la vida de trabajadores y trabajadoras.

Abstract In light of the labor conditions defined within the framework of neoliberalism implemented in Mexico, labor dynamics are problematized, the main problems of access to the health and social security system are identified and the systematic violation of rights - especially the right to work, to social security and to health - are discussed. The objective of this article is to contribute with proposals for the construction of a comprehensive, inclusive, healthcare and social security system that contributes to the improvement of the lives of workers.

[Homicides in young people and social inequalities in Mexico, 2017Homicídios em jovens e desigualdades sociais no México, 2017]. / Homicidios en jóvenes y desigualdades sociales en México, 2017.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the association between social and economic conditions and homicide rates in young people between 10 and 24 years of age in Mexico in 2017. METHODS: This ecological study looked at the social inequalities associated with homicides in the population 10-24-year-old population in 2017 in Mexico, using secondary data sources for deaths by homicide in each Mexican state. Social inequalities in health were studied by measuring absolute and relative inequality gaps. Mortality rates were estimated using Poisson regression models. RESULTS: In 2017, there were 8,094 homicides in the target population, predominantly in men (86.7%). There was high variance in inequality between states. Unemployment in the population over 12 years of age, households composed of people who are not family members, low school attendance rates, and income below the poverty line showed significant association with homicide rates. CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong association between social determinants and homicides in the study population. Policies and intersectoral actions should be implemented to help bridge inequality gaps and achieve better living conditions and higher levels of well-being and health for people and their communities.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a associação entre as condições socioeconômicas e as taxas de homicídios em jovens entre 10 e 24 anos no México em 2017. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo ecológico foram examinadas as desigualdades sociais associadas aos homicídios na população entre 10 e 24 anos no México em 2017 com base em dados obtidos de fontes de informação secundárias relativos a mortes por homicídio por entidade federativa. As desigualdades sociais em saúde foram avaliadas com a mensuração absoluta e relativa das lacunas de desigualdade. As razões de prevalências de mortalidade foram estimadas com modelos de regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Em 2017, houve 8.094 homicídios na população jovem, com predomínio no sexo masculino (86,7%). As lacunas de desigualdade entre os estados foram significativas. Ociosidade juvenil (em maiores de 12 anos), domicílios constituídos por pessoas sem laços de parentesco, baixa frequência escolar e renda abaixo da linha do bem-estar foram fatores que tiveram uma associação significativa com as taxas de homicídios. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se uma forte associação entre os determinantes sociais e os homicídios na população estudada. Políticas e ações intersetoriais devem ser implementadas para ajudar a reduzir as lacunas de desigualdade e melhorar as condições de vida, o nível de bem-estar e a saúde das pessoas e suas comunidades.

Fecundidad en adolescentes y desigualdades sociales en México, 2015

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre el embarazo en adolescentes y los factores socioeconómicos, así como calcular las desigualdades sociales presentes en las adolescentes de México durante 2015. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio a partir de registros de nacimientos del año 2015 en mujeres de 15 a 19 años. Se determinó la tasa de fecundidad y se desagregó en quintiles por cada variable socioeconómica. Se calcularon medidas absolutas y relativas de desigualdad, regresión binomial negativa para razón de riesgo e intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados. La tasa de fecundidad fue 73,21 nacimientos por 1 000 mujeres de 15 a 19 años en México. Coahuila fue el estado con la mayor tasa de nacimientos (99,3 por 1 000 adolescentes). Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la tasa de fecundidad y el rezago al acceso a servicios de salud, en especial en el quintil 5 (riesgo relativo [RR] = 45,68), mientras que para el rezago educativo fue mayor en el quintil 4 (RR = 27,36). No existieron diferencias significativas respecto al rezago en el acceso a la seguridad social. Conclusiones. Las condiciones de marginación y pobreza tienen una asociación importante con el embarazo y la tasa de fecundidad en las adolescentes. Sin embargo, existen grandes brechas de desigualdad entre los grupos sociales, por lo que resulta necesario implementar acciones enfocadas la promoción de la mejora de los entornos sociales, políticos y económicos.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To determine the association between teenage pregnancy and socioeconomic factors and to estimate social inequalities among adolescents in Mexico in 2015. Methods. A study involving women from 15 to 19 years of age was conducted using data from birth records for 2015. The fertility rate was determined and disaggregated by quintiles for each socioeconomic variable. Absolute and relative measures of inequality were estimated; negative binomial regression analysis was used to obtain risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results. The fertility rate was 73.21 births per 1000 women between the ages of 15 and 19 years in Mexico. Coahuila was the state with the highest birth rate (99.3 per 1000 adolescents). A statistically significant association was found between fertility rate and the gap in access to health services, especially in quintile 5 (risk ratio [RR] = 45.68), whereas a greater association with the gap in education was found in quintile 4 (RR = 27.36). No significant differences were found in terms of the gap in access to social security. Conclusions. Marginalization and poverty are significantly associated with teenage pregnancy and fertility rate. However, wide inequalities exist among the different social groups, making it necessary to implement actions geared towards promoting measures to improve the social, political, and economic environment.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Determinar a associação entre gravidez na adolescência e fatores socioeconômicos e estimar as desigualdades sociais nas adolescentes do México em 2015. Material e métodos. Um estudo foi realizado a partir dos registros de nascimentos de 2015 em adolescentes do sexo feminino com idade de 15 a 19 anos. Foi determinada a taxa de fecundidade desagregada por quintis para cada variável socioeconômica. Foram calculadas medidas absolutas e relativas de desigualdade e analisado um modelo de regressão binomial negativa para as razões de risco e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados. A taxa de fecundidade encontrada foi de 73,21 nascimentos por 1.000 mulheres com idade de 15 a 19 anos no México. O Estado de Coahuila teve a maior taxa de nascimento (99,3 por 1.000 adolescentes). Observou-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a taxa de fecundidade e defasagem no acesso aos serviços de saúde, sobretudo no quintil 5 (risco relativo [RR] 45,68), enquanto que o atraso educacional foi maior no quintil 4 (RR 27,36). Não houve diferença significativa na defasagem no acesso à previdência social. Conclusões. O estado de marginalização e pobreza têm uma importante associação com gravidez e taxa de fecundidade em adolescentes. Existem, no entanto, grandes lacunas de desigualdade entre os grupos sociais, sendo necessário implementar ações direcionadas a promover a melhoria dos entornos sociais, políticos e econômicos.

Mortality from type 2 diabetes and implementation of the PREVENIMSS program: a time series study in Mexico, 1998-2015. / Mortalidad por diabetes tipo 2 y la implementación del programa PREVENIMSS: un estudio de series de tiempo en México, 1998-2015.

Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In Mexico it is the first cause of mortality, disability, and potential years of life lost due to premature death. The Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) implemented the PREVENIMSS strategy. The aim of the current study was to estimate the program's effect on the mortality trend from type 2 diabetes, based on an interrupted time series analysis. At the beginning of the target period, the diabetes mortality rate was higher in IMSS beneficiaries than in the control population. After the program's implementation, there was a slight reduction in the mortality trend, while the control group showed an upward trend. Differences in the trends between the two groups suggest that they are not the exclusive result of institutional interventions. Living and work conditions could explain these differences.

La diabetes tipo 2 es la principal causa de mortalidad y morbilidad en el mundo. En México es la primera causa de mortalidad, discapacidad, años perdidos por muerte prematura. El Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) implementó la estrategia PREVENIMSS. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el efecto de dicho programa en la tendencia de la mortalidad por diabetes tipo 2, realizando un análisis de series de tiempo interrumpidas. Al inicio del periodo de tiempo analizado, la tasa de mortalidad de diabetes en los derechohabientes era mayor, en comparación con la población control. Posterior a la implementación del programa, se presentó una discreta reducción en la tendencia de la mortalidad, mientras que en el grupo control la tendencia fue ascendente. Las diferencias encontradas en las tendencias entre las poblaciones comparadas sugieren que no son resultado exclusivo de las intervenciones institucionales. Las condiciones de vida y de trabajo podrían explicar dichas diferencias.

O diabetes tipo 2 é a primeira causa de morbi-mortalidade no mundo. No México, é a primeira causa de mortalidade, incapacidade e anos de vida perdidos. O Instituto Mexicano de Seguridade Social (IMSS) implementou a estratégia conhecida como PREVENIMSS. O estudo atual teve como objetivo estimar o efeito do programa sobre a tendência na mortalidade por diabetes tipo 2, com base em uma análise de série temporal ininterrupta. No início do período de estudo, a taxa de mortalidade por diabetes era mais alta entre segurados do IMSS do que na população controle. Depois da implementação do programa, houve uma pequena redução na mortalidade, enquanto o grupo controle mostrava uma tendência crescente. Diferenças nas tendências entre os dois grupos sugerem que não resultam exclusivamente de intervenções institucionais. As condições de vida e de trabalho podem ajudar a explicar essas diferenças.

Social support and marginalization as determinants of prenatal care in women with social security in Mexico. / Apoyo social y marginación como determinantes de la atención prenatal en mujeres con seguridad social en México.

Introduction: Prenatal care ensures favorable results for maternal-fetal health and, to that end, it must be provided early, periodically, comprehensively and with high coverage. Objective: To find out the social determinants of prenatal care in women affiliated to the Mexican Institute of Social Security during 2014. Method: Cross-sectional study where the association of social conditions, social support and family functioning with inadequate prenatal care was analyzed. A descriptive analysis was performed; hypothesis tests were used with chi-square (95% level of confidence). The prevalence ratio and Mann-Whitney's U-test were estimated to compare medians and logistic regression. Results: Of the interviewed women, 58.1% had inadequate prenatal care, mainly associated with unplanned pregnancy, poor social support, low level of education and higher marginalization. Not having leaves of absence granted by employers was the main barrier in those women who did not attend health services. Conclusions: There is a need for strategies to be designed and implemented to enable understanding the interaction between different biological and social dimensions of the health-disease process and reduce health inequities that affect pregnant women, in order to achieve good prenatal care and to implement alternative models guaranteeing its efficiency.

Introducción: La atención prenatal garantiza resultados favorables para la salud materno-fetal, para ello es necesario que se realice de forma precoz, periódica, completa y con alta cobertura. Objetivo: Conocer los determinantes sociales para la atención prenatal en mujeres derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social durante 2014. Método: Estudio transversal en el que se analizó la asociación de condiciones sociales, apoyo social y funcionalidad familiar con atención prenatal inadecuada. Se realizó análisis descriptivo; se utilizaron pruebas de hipótesis con chi cuadrada (nivel de confianza de 95 %). Se estimó la razón de prevalencias y U de Mann-Whitney para comparar medianas y regresión logística. Resultados: De las mujeres entrevistadas, 58.1 % presentó atención prenatal inadecuada, asociada principalmente con no planificación del embarazo, bajo apoyo social, menor nivel educativo y mayor marginalidad. No contar con el permiso laboral fue la principal barrera en las mujeres que no acudieron a los servicios de salud. Conclusión: Es necesario diseñar e implementar estrategias que permitan conocer la interacción entre las distintas dimensiones biológicas y sociales del proceso salud-enfermedad y disminuir las inequidades en salud que afectan a las mujeres embarazadas, para lograr buena atención prenatal y modelos alternativos que garanticen su eficiencia.

Mortalidad por diabetes tipo 2 y la implementación del programa PREVENIMSS: un estudio de series de tiempo en México, 1998-2015 / Mortalidade por diabetes tipo 2 e implementação do programa PREVENIMSS: um estudo de série temporal no México, 1998-2015 / Mortality from type 2 diabetes and implementation of the PREVENIMSS program: a time series study in Mexico, 1998-2015

Resumen: La diabetes tipo 2 es la principal causa de mortalidad y morbilidad en el mundo. En México es la primera causa de mortalidad, discapacidad, años perdidos por muerte prematura. El Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) implementó la estrategia PREVENIMSS. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el efecto de dicho programa en la tendencia de la mortalidad por diabetes tipo 2, realizando un análisis de series de tiempo interrumpidas. Al inicio del periodo de tiempo analizado, la tasa de mortalidad de diabetes en los derechohabientes era mayor, en comparación con la población control. Posterior a la implementación del programa, se presentó una discreta reducción en la tendencia de la mortalidad, mientras que en el grupo control la tendencia fue ascendente. Las diferencias encontradas en las tendencias entre las poblaciones comparadas sugieren que no son resultado exclusivo de las intervenciones institucionales. Las condiciones de vida y de trabajo podrían explicar dichas diferencias.

Resumo: O diabetes tipo 2 é a primeira causa de morbi-mortalidade no mundo. No México, é a primeira causa de mortalidade, incapacidade e anos de vida perdidos. O Instituto Mexicano de Seguridade Social (IMSS) implementou a estratégia conhecida como PREVENIMSS. O estudo atual teve como objetivo estimar o efeito do programa sobre a tendência na mortalidade por diabetes tipo 2, com base em uma análise de série temporal ininterrupta. No início do período de estudo, a taxa de mortalidade por diabetes era mais alta entre segurados do IMSS do que na população controle. Depois da implementação do programa, houve uma pequena redução na mortalidade, enquanto o grupo controle mostrava uma tendência crescente. Diferenças nas tendências entre os dois grupos sugerem que não resultam exclusivamente de intervenções institucionais. As condições de vida e de trabalho podem ajudar a explicar essas diferenças.

Abstract: Type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In Mexico it is the first cause of mortality, disability, and potential years of life lost due to premature death. The Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) implemented the PREVENIMSS strategy. The aim of the current study was to estimate the program's effect on the mortality trend from type 2 diabetes, based on an interrupted time series analysis. At the beginning of the target period, the diabetes mortality rate was higher in IMSS beneficiaries than in the control population. After the program's implementation, there was a slight reduction in the mortality trend, while the control group showed an upward trend. Differences in the trends between the two groups suggest that they are not the exclusive result of institutional interventions. Living and work conditions could explain these differences.

Desigualdad social y tendencias de mortalidad por diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the trend of national diabetes mortality by level of marginality at the state and municipal levels. METHOD: A descriptive study was conducted with records of deaths from diabetes in over 20 years from 1990 to 2013. The national mortality rate was calculated standardized by age according to the 2000 world population and the state level 2013 saw the projected naational population by join point analysis for trend analysis was performed. RESULTS: For the general population, the annual percentage change between 1990 and 1996 was 2.2, from 1996 to 2005 was 4.3, and from 2005 to 2013 was 0.1. The largest increase among women occurred between 1998 and 2005 while among men occurred between 1995 and 2006. At the state level was found higher annual percentage change between the towns with the highest degree of marginalization. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality of diabetes in women shows a significant decrease since 2004, among men, the mortality with a continuous upward trend, consistent with the trend that the disease has had in recent years.